负载测试
负载测试的基本概念
负载测试是评估系统在特定负载下的性能表现。通过模拟真实用户行为,观察系统响应时间、吞吐量、资源利用率等指标。Node.js作为异步事件驱动平台,其负载测试需要特别关注事件循环延迟和内存泄漏问题。
const loadTest = require('loadtest');
const options = {
url: 'http://localhost:3000/api',
maxRequests: 1000,
concurrency: 50,
method: 'POST',
body: {
userId: 'test123',
data: 'sample payload'
},
contentType: 'application/json'
};
loadTest.loadTest(options, (error, results) => {
if (error) return console.error('测试失败:', error);
console.log('测试结果:', results);
});
Node.js负载测试工具选择
Artillery
Artillery是专业的负载测试工具,支持HTTP和WebSocket协议。其YAML配置文件易于编写和维护:
config:
target: "http://api.example.com"
phases:
- duration: 60
arrivalRate: 50
name: "Warm up phase"
- duration: 120
arrivalRate: 100
rampTo: 200
name: "Stress test"
scenarios:
- flow:
- post:
url: "/login"
json:
username: "user"
password: "pass"
- get:
url: "/profile"
Autocannon
Autocannon是纯JavaScript编写的高性能负载测试工具,特别适合测试Node.js服务:
const autocannon = require('autocannon');
autocannon({
url: 'http://localhost:3000',
connections: 100, // 并发连接数
pipelining: 10, // 每个连接的流水线请求数
duration: 30 // 测试持续时间(秒)
}, console.log);
测试指标分析
关键性能指标
- 请求延迟:P95、P99延迟更能反映真实用户体验
- 吞吐量:RPS(每秒请求数)是核心指标
- 错误率:HTTP非2xx/3xx响应比例
- 资源使用:CPU、内存、事件循环延迟
// 使用perf_hooks监控事件循环延迟
const { monitorEventLoopDelay } = require('perf_hooks');
const histogram = monitorEventLoopDelay({ resolution: 10 });
histogram.enable();
setTimeout(() => {
histogram.disable();
console.log(`P50延迟: ${histogram.percentile(50)}ms`);
console.log(`P99延迟: ${histogram.percentile(99)}ms`);
}, 10000);
测试场景设计
渐进式负载测试
从低负载开始逐步增加压力,观察系统行为变化:
const stages = [
{ duration: '30s', target: 50 }, // 热身阶段
{ duration: '1m', target: 100 }, // 正常负载
{ duration: '2m', target: 250 }, // 压力测试
{ duration: '30s', target: 50 } // 恢复阶段
];
尖峰测试
模拟突发流量场景,测试系统弹性:
config:
phases:
- duration: 10
arrivalRate: 5
- duration: 1
arrivalRate: 500 # 瞬间高峰
- duration: 30
arrivalRate: 50
Node.js特有优化点
连接池管理
数据库连接池配置直接影响系统负载能力:
const pool = mysql.createPool({
connectionLimit: 50, // 重要参数
queueLimit: 1000, // 等待队列长度
acquireTimeout: 30000, // 获取连接超时
waitForConnections: true // 无可用连接时等待
});
集群模式测试
利用Node.js集群模块测试多进程表现:
const cluster = require('cluster');
const numCPUs = require('os').cpus().length;
if (cluster.isMaster) {
for (let i = 0; i < numCPUs; i++) {
cluster.fork();
}
} else {
require('./server'); // 启动应用
}
常见问题排查
内存泄漏检测
使用heapdump和Chrome DevTools分析内存问题:
const heapdump = require('heapdump');
setInterval(() => {
if (process.memoryUsage().heapUsed > 500 * 1024 * 1024) {
heapdump.writeSnapshot(`heap-${Date.now()}.heapsnapshot`);
}
}, 5000);
事件循环阻塞
长时间同步操作会阻塞事件循环:
// 错误示例:同步加密操作
const crypto = require('crypto');
function hashPassword(password) {
// 同步操作会阻塞事件循环
return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(password).digest('hex');
}
// 正确示例:异步加密
async function hashPasswordAsync(password) {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
crypto.pbkdf2(password, 'salt', 100000, 64, 'sha256', (err, derivedKey) => {
resolve(derivedKey.toString('hex'));
});
});
}
持续集成中的负载测试
在CI/CD管道中加入负载测试阶段:
# GitHub Actions示例
name: Load Test
on: [push]
jobs:
load-test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- run: npm install
- run: npm install -g artillery
- run: artillery run test.yml
env:
CI: true
云服务负载测试
利用AWS Distributed Load Testing等服务进行大规模测试:
const { LambdaClient, InvokeCommand } = require('@aws-sdk/client-lambda');
const client = new LambdaClient({ region: 'us-east-1' });
async function triggerLoadTest() {
const command = new InvokeCommand({
FunctionName: 'load-test-worker',
InvocationType: 'Event',
Payload: JSON.stringify({
targetUrl: 'https://api.example.com',
duration: 300,
rate: 1000
})
});
await client.send(command);
}
测试结果可视化
使用Grafana+Prometheus构建监控看板:
const client = require('prom-client');
// 定义指标
const httpRequestDurationMicroseconds = new client.Histogram({
name: 'http_request_duration_ms',
help: 'HTTP请求持续时间(ms)',
labelNames: ['method', 'route', 'code'],
buckets: [50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000]
});
// 在中间件中记录指标
app.use((req, res, next) => {
const end = httpRequestDurationMicroseconds.startTimer();
res.on('finish', () => {
end({
method: req.method,
route: req.route.path,
code: res.statusCode
});
});
next();
});
真实案例:电商API测试
模拟电商促销场景的测试配置:
config:
target: "https://api.shop.com"
phases:
- duration: 300
arrivalRate: 50
name: "正常流量"
- duration: 600
arrivalRate: 200
rampTo: 1000
name: "秒杀活动"
scenarios:
- name: "商品浏览"
flow:
- get:
url: "/products"
- think: 3
- get:
url: "/products/{{ $randomNumber(1,1000) }}"
- name: "下单流程"
flow:
- post:
url: "/cart"
json:
productId: "{{ $randomNumber(1,1000) }}"
quantity: 1
- think: 1
- post:
url: "/checkout"
json:
userId: "user-{{ $randomNumber(1,10000) }}"
Node.js性能调优
根据测试结果进行针对性优化:
// HTTP服务器优化
const server = http.createServer(app);
server.keepAliveTimeout = 65000; // 保持连接超时
server.headersTimeout = 70000; // 头信息超时
// 使用compression中间件
app.use(require('compression')({
threshold: 1024, // 大于1KB才压缩
filter: (req) => !req.headers['x-no-compression']
}));
// 连接复用优化
const httpAgent = new http.Agent({
keepAlive: true,
maxSockets: 100,
maxFreeSockets: 10,
timeout: 60000
});
axios.defaults.httpAgent = httpAgent;
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