测试策略制定
测试策略制定的核心目标
测试策略的核心在于明确测试范围、方法和资源分配。在Node.js项目中,测试策略需要针对异步特性、模块化架构和I/O密集型操作进行专门设计。有效的测试策略能够平衡测试覆盖率与执行效率,确保关键路径的可靠性。
Node.js测试分层策略
单元测试层
单元测试聚焦独立模块的功能验证。Jest和Mocha是常用框架,针对纯函数和独立类效果最佳。例如验证工具函数:
// utils/calculate.js
function calculateDiscount(price, discountRate) {
if (discountRate < 0 || discountRate > 1) throw new Error('Invalid rate')
return price * (1 - discountRate)
}
// __tests__/calculate.test.js
test('should apply 20% discount', () => {
expect(calculateDiscount(100, 0.2)).toBe(80)
})
test('should reject invalid rates', () => {
expect(() => calculateDiscount(100, 1.2)).toThrow()
})
集成测试层
重点验证模块间交互和外部服务集成。Supertest适合测试HTTP接口:
const request = require('supertest')
const app = require('../app')
describe('GET /api/products', () => {
it('should return paginated results', async () => {
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/products?page=2')
.expect('Content-Type', /json/)
.expect(200)
expect(res.body).toHaveProperty('meta.totalPages')
expect(res.body.data).toBeInstanceOf(Array)
})
})
E2E测试层
使用Cypress或Playwright验证完整用户流程:
// cypress/integration/checkout.spec.js
describe('Checkout Process', () => {
it('completes purchase with guest account', () => {
cy.visit('/products/123')
cy.get('[data-testid="add-to-cart"]').click()
cy.contains('Proceed to Checkout').click()
cy.fillGuestForm()
cy.selectPaymentMethod('credit_card')
cy.contains('Order Confirmation').should('be.visible')
})
})
异步代码测试策略
Promise处理
针对不同异步模式需要特定断言方式:
// 返回Promise的测试
test('fetches user data', () => {
return fetchUser(123).then(data => {
expect(data.id).toBe(123)
})
})
// async/await语法
test('updates user profile', async () => {
const result = await updateProfile({ name: 'New Name' })
expect(result.success).toBeTruthy()
})
定时器模拟
使用Jest的假定时器测试延迟逻辑:
// services/notifier.js
async function delayedNotify(message, delayMs) {
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delayMs))
sendNotification(message)
}
// __tests__/notifier.test.js
jest.useFakeTimers()
test('sends notification after delay', () => {
const mockSend = jest.fn()
sendNotification = mockSend
delayedNotify('Test', 1000)
jest.advanceTimersByTime(1000)
expect(mockSend).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Test')
})
测试数据管理策略
工厂函数模式
创建可定制的测试数据:
// test/factories/user.js
const buildUser = (overrides = {}) => ({
id: faker.datatype.uuid(),
name: faker.name.fullName(),
email: faker.internet.email(),
...overrides
})
// 测试用例中使用
test('handles premium users', () => {
const user = buildUser({ isPremium: true })
expect(hasPremiumAccess(user)).toBe(true)
})
数据库夹具
使用mongodb-memory-server进行隔离测试:
const { MongoMemoryServer } = require('mongodb-memory-server')
describe('UserRepository', () => {
let mongoServer
let repository
beforeAll(async () => {
mongoServer = await MongoMemoryServer.create()
const uri = mongoServer.getUri()
repository = new UserRepository(uri)
})
afterAll(async () => {
await repository.disconnect()
await mongoServer.stop()
})
test('saves and retrieves users', async () => {
const testUser = { name: 'Test', email: 'test@example.com' }
const saved = await repository.create(testUser)
const found = await repository.findById(saved.id)
expect(found.name).toBe(testUser.name)
})
})
性能测试策略
基准测试
使用benchmark.js测量关键路径性能:
const Benchmark = require('benchmark')
const crypto = require('crypto')
new Benchmark.Suite()
.add('SHA256', () => {
crypto.createHash('sha256').update('test').digest('hex')
})
.add('MD5', () => {
crypto.createHash('md5').update('test').digest('hex')
})
.on('cycle', event => {
console.log(String(event.target))
})
.run()
压力测试
使用Artillery进行API负载测试:
# load-test.yml
config:
target: "http://api.example.com"
phases:
- duration: 60
arrivalRate: 50
scenarios:
- flow:
- get:
url: "/products"
- post:
url: "/checkout"
json:
items: ["prod_123"]
测试环境差异化策略
环境敏感配置
使用dotenv管理测试环境变量:
// jest.config.js
module.exports = {
setupFiles: ['<rootDir>/tests/setupEnv.js']
}
// tests/setupEnv.js
require('dotenv').config({ path: '.env.test' })
// .env.test
DB_URI=mongodb://localhost:27017/test_db
LOG_LEVEL=silent
服务模拟策略
根据环境切换真实服务或模拟器:
// config/test.js
module.exports = {
paymentService: process.env.USE_REAL_PAYMENTS
? require('../services/realPayment')
: require('../mocks/paymentMock')
}
// 测试中明确声明
process.env.USE_REAL_PAYMENTS = 'true'
覆盖率分析策略
定制覆盖率标准
在jest配置中定义阈值:
// jest.config.js
module.exports = {
coverageThreshold: {
global: {
branches: 80,
functions: 85,
lines: 90,
statements: 90
},
'src/utils/': {
branches: 100,
lines: 100
}
}
}
路径排除策略
忽略无需测试的代码:
/* istanbul ignore next */
function deprecatedMethod() {
console.warn('This will be removed in v2.0')
// ...原有逻辑
}
持续集成策略
阶段化测试流程
GitLab CI示例配置:
stages:
- test
unit_tests:
stage: test
image: node:16
script:
- npm run test:unit
- npm run coverage:upload
integration_tests:
stage: test
services:
- mongodb:4.4
script:
- npm run test:integration
e2e_tests:
stage: test
script:
- npm run start:test-server &
- npm run test:e2e
并行执行优化
利用Jest的shard参数:
# 在CI脚本中
jest --shard=1/3 & jest --shard=2/3 & jest --shard=3/3
错误追踪策略
错误注入测试
故意触发错误场景:
// tests/errorHandling.test.js
const mockRequest = () => {
const req = { params: {}, body: {} }
req.header = jest.fn().mockReturnValue('application/json')
return req
}
test('handles DB connection errors', async () => {
const req = mockRequest()
const res = { status: jest.fn().mockReturnThis(), json: jest.fn() }
const next = jest.fn()
// 模拟数据库连接错误
jest.spyOn(db, 'connect').mockRejectedValue(new Error('Connection failed'))
await databaseMiddleware(req, res, next)
expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(503)
})
混沌工程
使用chaos-js引入随机故障:
const Chaos = require('chaos-js')
Chaos
.experiment('Payment Service Resilience')
.withService('payment')
.method('processPayment')
.errorRate(0.3) // 30%失败率
.latency({ min: 100, max: 2000 }) // 随机延迟
.start()
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