测试策略与工具
TypeScript作为JavaScript的超集,在类型安全和开发效率上提供了显著优势。测试策略与工具的选择直接影响项目的可靠性和维护性,从单元测试到端到端测试,不同层级的工具链和设计模式需要结合具体场景灵活运用。
单元测试策略
单元测试聚焦于独立模块的验证,在TypeScript中通常结合Jest或Mocha框架实现。关键策略包括:
- 纯函数优先:对无副作用的工具函数进行全覆盖测试
// utils.test.ts
import { formatDate } from './dateUtils';
test('formatDate returns ISO string', () => {
const date = new Date(2023, 0, 1);
expect(formatDate(date)).toBe('2023-01-01T00:00:00Z');
});
- 模块隔离:使用jest.mock进行依赖替换
// userService.test.ts
jest.mock('./apiClient');
import { getUser } from './userService';
test('getUser handles API error', async () => {
require('./apiClient').default.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Timeout'));
await expect(getUser(123)).rejects.toThrow('Fetch failed');
});
- 类型测试:利用tsd等工具验证类型定义
// types.test-d.ts
import { expectType } from 'tsd';
import { UserProfile } from './models';
expectType<{ id: number }>({} as UserProfile); // 类型不匹配时会报错
集成测试方案
集成测试关注模块间的交互,推荐策略包括:
- 测试容器组件:React Testing Library配合TypeScript类型检查
// UserCard.test.tsx
import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
import UserCard from './UserCard';
test('displays user name', () => {
const user = { name: 'John', age: 30 };
render(<UserCard user={user} />);
expect(screen.getByText(/John/)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
- API契约测试:使用Pact验证接口规范
// apiContract.test.ts
import { Pact } from '@pact-foundation/pact';
describe('User API', () => {
beforeAll(() => {
new Pact({
consumer: 'WebApp',
provider: 'UserService'
}).setup();
});
test('GET /users/{id} returns 200', async () => {
await expect(
fetch('/users/123').then(r => r.status)
).resolves.toBe(200);
});
});
E2E测试实施
端到端测试需要模拟真实用户场景,常用工具链组合:
- Cypress + TypeScript:
// userFlow.cy.ts
describe('Checkout Process', () => {
it('completes purchase', () => {
cy.visit('/products');
cy.get('[data-testid="product-1"]').click();
cy.contains('Checkout').click();
cy.get('#email').type('test@example.com');
cy.intercept('POST', '/api/orders').as('order');
cy.contains('Place Order').click();
cy.wait('@order').its('response.statusCode').should('eq', 201);
});
});
- Playwright多浏览器测试:
// auth.test.ts
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test.describe('Authentication', () => {
test('login redirects to dashboard', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/login');
await page.fill('#username', 'admin');
await page.fill('#password', 'secret');
await Promise.all([
page.waitForURL('/dashboard'),
page.click('button[type="submit"]')
]);
expect(await page.title()).toContain('Dashboard');
});
});
测试覆盖率优化
提升覆盖率需要结合静态分析和动态检测:
- istanbul阈值配置(.nycrc):
{
"check-coverage": true,
"branches": 80,
"lines": 90,
"functions": 85,
"statements": 90
}
- 增量覆盖率检测:
# 只检测变更文件
nyc --reporter=lcov --extension=.ts jest --changedSince=main
性能测试集成
在测试流水线中加入负载测试:
// loadTest.ts
import http from 'k6/http';
import { check, sleep } from 'k6';
export const options = {
vus: 100,
duration: '1m'
};
export default function () {
const res = http.get('https://api.example.com/products');
check(res, {
'status 200': (r) => r.status === 200,
'response time < 500ms': (r) => r.timings.duration < 500
});
sleep(0.5);
}
测试数据管理
结构化测试数据能提高用例可维护性:
- 工厂模式生成测试数据:
// factories/user.ts
interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email: string;
}
export const createUser = (overrides?: Partial<User>): User => ({
id: Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000),
name: 'Test User',
email: 'test@example.com',
...overrides
});
- JSON Schema验证:
// validateResponse.ts
import Ajv from 'ajv';
const validate = new Ajv().compile({
type: 'object',
properties: {
id: { type: 'number' },
title: { type: 'string' }
},
required: ['id', 'title']
});
export function assertValidProduct(data: unknown) {
if (!validate(data)) throw new Error('Invalid product schema');
}
测试环境容器化
使用Docker实现测试环境一致性:
# test.Dockerfile
FROM node:18
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json .
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
CMD ["npm", "test:ci"]
配合GitHub Actions实现矩阵测试:
# .github/workflows/test.yml
jobs:
test:
strategy:
matrix:
node-version: [16.x, 18.x]
os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v3
- uses: actions/setup-node@v3
with:
node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
- run: npm ci
- run: npm test
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